Contrastive analysis ca ca is an approach to the study of sla which involves. It cannot find out the errors which are committed by the learners due to overgeneralization. Contrastive analysis means the comparison of two languages by paying attention to differences and similarities between languages being compared. Remote work advice from the largest allremote company. Firas ali suleiman zawahreh directorate of education of ajloun, prince hamzeh bin alhussien basic school for boys, ajloun, jordan email. Contrastive analysis hypothesis the claim that the principal barrier to second language acquisition is first language interference, and that a scientific analysis of the two languages in question enables the prediction of difficulties a learner will encounter. Cah applies the following procedure when attempting to predict areas of difficulty, as illustrated or stated by whitman 1970. Teaching materials can make use of contrastive analysis and the difficulties between the two languages can. Most contrastive studies take into account basic building blocks of languages such as phonics and vocabulary and also the structural natures of many. Apr 01, 2017 the theoretical foundations for what became known as the contrastive analysis hypothesis were formulated in robert lados linguistics across cultures 1957. Besides, i introduced the notion of the classical term interference, and i even trid to. Such a claim is perhaps unwarranted, but a period of quiescence is probable for contrastive analysis itself. Nlp technique 2 contrastive analysis hindi youtube. Applying error analysis to second language acquisition.
Contrastive analysis of hypothesis also called ca is the comparison of the linguistic system of two or more languages and it is based on the main difficulties in learning a new language that caused by interference from the first language. This material is intended to assist the teacher in defining the problems that chinese speakers are likely to have in learning english. Use the pedagogical implications of contrastive analysis in class. Contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage and. Be aware of some differences between arabic and english 4. Contrastive analysis literature crosslinguistictransfer. Theories of second language acquisition the contrastive analysis hypothesis cah in the 1950s, the study of second language acquisition sla was largely based on the contrastive hypothesis or contrastive analysis hypothesis, cah. With charles fries, he was involved with the university of michigan eli english language institute, which. Error analysis researched the errors students made in an effort to explain why errors were made by students. The interest in ea, however, declined after the growing enthusiasm for contrastive analysis henceforth ca which was considered a more reliable method than ea for predicting and explaining learning difficulties chau, 1975. There is a growing consensus that contrastive linguistics, just like languagespecific research, can profit considerably from the use of natural language.
Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Markedness and second language acquisition volume 9 issue 3 lydia white. However, there are certain problems with this hypothesis. Ca defense ca is not necessarily connected with habit formation, but it is based on transfer theory as being an integral factor in the l2 learning process. The introduction includes information on the various dialects and subdialects of chinese. Contrastive analysis ca was a hypothesis pioneered in the late 1950s by robert lado and his book linguistics across cultures. Ppt interlanguage powerpoint presentation free to view. Contrastive analysis a presentation by lulud, nicko, and novian. View contrastive analysis research papers on academia.
Cah this extension of the notion of ca attributed the ability to predict errors to a ca of two languages, a predictability that practitioners associated with the degree of similarity between the two systems. Linguistic levels of analysis contrastive analysis includes all fields of linguistics such as phonology, semantics, syntax, morphology and pragmatics. Ca is inadequate to predict the interference problems of a language learner. Present a study in which arab subjects were to change 10 english declarative sentences into yesno questions. The advantage of exploiting contrastive analysis in. Contrastive analysis is a method to distinguish between what are needed and not needed to learn by the second language learner by evaluating languages m. Doc contrastive analysis, error analysis and interlanguage. Contrastive analysis hypothesis crosslinguistic influence. Contrastive analysis hypotheses cah strong version the change that has to take place in the language behavior of a foreign language student can be equated to the differences between the structure of the students native language and culture and that of the target language and culture. For example, german learners persist for some time in making erroneous choices between much and many despite the fact that german also makes a formal distinction between singular viel and plural viele. Error analysis, interlanguage and second language acquisition. Mothertongue interference in the acquisition of english. Contrastive analysis includes all fields of linguistics such as phonology, semantics, syntax, morphology and pragmatics. Theyll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance the kind of sophisticated look that.
According to this hypothesis, interference was a main source of errors in the process of second language. A contrastive analysis must proceed through four steps. Lado, the study of second language acquisition, rod ellis p. What is contrastive analysis free download as powerpoint presentation.
It was soon pointed out that many errors predicted by contrastive analysis were inexplicably not observed in learners language. This is a brief overview of contrastive analysis for the reader to understand the main points. This is done by looking at the structural similarities and differences of the studied languages. Contrastive linguistics is the first book written by a linguist from mainland china on the histories and principles of comparing and contrasting chinese and western languages, specifically english. Contrastive analysis suffers from under prediction and over prediction. Contrastive analysis or contrastive linguistic is one of the applied linguistics that analyzes and describes the comparison equalities and differences between source language l1 and target language l2. What is contrastive analysis linguistics philology. Document resume the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Contrastive analysis in nlp submodalities transform destiny. Markedness and second language acquisition cambridge core. Contrastive analysis hypothesis by lin laoshi on prezi. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your account. No uniformity is evident in contrastive analysis hypothesis.
Contrastive analysis for language teaching tesol class. Worlds best powerpoint templates crystalgraphics offers more powerpoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. Contrastive analysis and error analysis in combination with. A part of the difficulties can be attributed to the mother. The theoretical foundations for what became known as the contrastive analysis hypothesis were formulated in lados linguistics across cultures 1957.
Itl international journal of applied linguistics, vol. Problems in contrastive analysis and error analysis. Out of context translation of arabic adjectives into english in efl classroom dr. Winner of the standing ovation award for best powerpoint templates from presentations magazine. Contrastive analysis hypothesis crosslinguistic influence duration. The interlanguage hypothesis claims that learner languages is different from both native and target language system in one way or another while at the same time. Medical students often lack key skills in academic writing, yet good academic writing is often a prerequisite for employment, promotion and encultura. The authors have taken the best text available for an introductory course in second language acquisition sla and made it even stronger. Pedagogical implications of contrastive analysis c.
Contrastive analysis hypothesis and tran sfer theory. It is a hypothesis that was developed by structural linguists in europe and north america. Criticism in its strongest formulation, the contrastive analysis hypothesis claimed that all the errors made in learning the l2 could be attributed. The main difference between the approximative system hypothesis and the interlanguage hypothesis is that the latter emphasizes the structurally intermediate status of the learners language system between mother tongue and target language, while the former emphasizes the transitional and dynamic nature of the system keshavarz, 1999. Contrastive analysis a presentation by lulud, nicko, and novian slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Ca is directly originated from behaviourism stimulus response theory. This contrastive analysis of english and mandarin chinese is designed to introduce esl teachers to many of the fundamental differences between chinese and english. The advantage of exploiting contrastive analysis in teaching and learning a foreign language. Crosslinguistic influence and learner language part 1. Suggests that the contrastive analysis hypothesis cah be revised to incorporate a notion of degree of difficulty which corresponds to the notion of typological markedness. Ca was developed to examine the differences between two languages in an effort to identify problem areas for language learners.
For example, we compare bahasa indonesia and english. History the theoretical foundations for what became known as the contrastive analysis hypothesis were formulated in lados linguistics across cultures 1957. The contrastive analysis hypothesis english language essay. Contrastive analysis fails to distinguish between the written rules of formal language and the unwritten rules of informal language.
At this time, behaviorism and structuralism structural linguistics were predominate in. Wardhaugh, director of the english language institute of the university of. With charles fries, he was involved with the university of michigan eli english language institute. It exists in strong and weak versions, the strong one arising from evidence from the availability of some kind of metatheory of contrastive analysis and the weak from evidence from language interference. Contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage ppt video. Guys there is the power point presentation of contrastive analysis, set 2. The use of contrastive analysis in foreign language teaching is based on five assumptions. Chart and diagram slides for powerpoint beautifully designed chart and diagram s for powerpoint with visually stunning graphics and animation effects. Environmental education resources to commemorate earth days 50th anniversary. However, contrastive analysis certainly cannot predict these developmental errors. Contrastive analysis before discussing about the different hypothesis of contrastive analysis we should be familiar with the concept of difficulty and simplicity in language study, so we look at the hierarchy degrees of. Besides, i introduced the notion of the classical term interference, and i. A contrastive study of english and mandarin chinese. He goes on to point out subsequent theorists criticism of the subjectivity of original cah observations and presents research finding no support for the predictions of the contrastive analyses so carefully worked out by linguists p.
If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Oct 17, 2017 in this video, i gave a basic explanation of the principles of the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Their theory was based on their research of spelling errors in learners of english as l2 which showed. The theoretical foundations for what became known as the contrastive analysis hypothesis were formulated in robert lados linguistics across cultures 1957. Mar 22, 2020 contrastive analysis is the study and comparison of two languages. With charles fries, he was involved with the university of michigan eli english language institute, which researched the best methods.
May 01, 2017 be familar with the field of contrastive analysis. Recent advances in linguistic theory have led some people to claim that the hypothesis is no longer useful in either the strong or the weak version. Second language acquisition praise for the third edition. And even if the answer to that question is a more or less hesitant affirmative, then one may well question the value to teachers and curriculum workers. The contributions in contrastive pragmatics indeed succeed in offering new insights into relevant longstanding issues while showing how contrastive linguistics and pragmatics may contribute to each other by discovering that, even between very closely related languages and cultural backgrounds, remarkable differences can emerge from the examination of naturallyoccurring corpus data. Be familiar with how mother tongue interfers in the second language outline introduction 1. According to the weak hypothesis, contrastive analysis needs to work. Yesno questions and the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Ppt contrastive analysis powerpoint presentation, free. Contrastive linguistics lecture 9 in english for pg. It viewed learning as habit formation brought about.
There are some limitations in contrastive analysis hypothesis. Although contrastive analysis has often been questioned for its inadequacy to predict the transfer errors that learners will make in actual learning contexts it cannot be easily denied that such interference does exist and can explain difficulties brown, 1994, p. The claim that the best language teaching materials are based on a contrast of the two competing linguistic systems has long been a popular one in language teaching. The contrastive analysis hypothesis is founded on the assumption that learners tend to transfer grammatical and phonological features peculiar to their native tongue to the second language. Basis for planning courses and designing materials contrastive analysis hypothesis cah points to consider 1. Readers are encouraged to study more indepth to gain a full appreciation of this hypothesis. The application of contrastive analysis in the classroom. The contrastive analysis hypothesis cah is based on the claim that the difficulty of second language acquisition could be discovered or foretold depending on the degree of difference between the learners first and second language. Still a third hypothesis, and the one which is of special interest in this paper, is the contrastive analysis hypothesis, a hypothesis of particular this paper was presented at the tesol convention, march 1970. Elicit the submodalities of the first state using the submodality worksheet. Contrastive linguistics in the context of language teaching lee, w.
Recent years have seen the decline in popularity of contrastive analysis ca and the rise of error analysis ea as a method for explaining and predicting errors in. The psychological basis of this transfer theory is elaborated and formulated within a stimulusresponse behaviorist theory of psychology. Simultaneously pleas for a contrastive pragmatis were made by sajavaara 1981b and riley 1981, on the basis of. Full text of contrastive analysis and error analysis a. It also fails to take into account differences between dialects. According to the behaviourist theories prevailing at the time, language learning was a question of habit. If so, share your ppt presentation slides online with. According to the cah, learners should acquire target language structures with ease 1st language target language 1st language. At the end are guiding questions for the educator to contemplate instruction and contrastive analysis. The criticism is that contrastive analysis hypothesis could not be sustained by empirical evidence. English language teaching journal, v34 n2 p345 jan 1980. Contrastive analysis is the technique we use to find the most powerful submodality the driver which will cause all the other submodalities to shift.
It even seems that contrastive studies should rather be regarded as an approach, not as a branch of general linguistics. In this book, lado claimed that those elements which are similar to the learners native language will be simple for him, and those elements that are different will be difficult. For example, this can be comparing english with latin or basque with iroquois. The advantage of exploiting contrastive analysis in teaching and learning a f oreign language. The son of spanish immigrants to the us, he learned english as an adult, which inspired his interest in the practical aspects of foreign language learning. Contrastive analysis has been the first major theory dealing with the relationship between the languages a learner acquires or masters. In this video, i gave a basic explanation of the principles of the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Contrastive analysis before discussing about the different hypothesis of contrastive analysis we should be familiar with the concept of difficulty and simplicity in language study, so we look at the hierarchy degrees of difficulty in languages. Contrastive analysis interlanguage error analysis is the property of its rightful owner. Download ppt contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage. Contrastive analysis was used extensively in the field of second language acquisition sla in the 1960s and early 1970s, as a method of explaining why some features of a target language were more difficult to acquire than others.
L1 and l2, pointing at the specific features of each language system in its major areas. Sla background robert lado, contrastive analysis, audiolingualism 2. Contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage 1. Our new crystalgraphics chart and diagram slides for powerpoint is a collection of over impressively designed datadriven chart and editable diagram s guaranteed to impress any audience. The strong version of the hypothesis is untenable and even the weak version creates difficulties for the linguist. As behaviourism as a theory fails, contrastive analysis hypothesis also fails. Contrastive analysis became associated with behaviorist psychology, which was another separate influence on language teaching, particularly on audiolingual language teaching, and especially in the united states.
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